Fair Use

If an item is protected by copyright law, The fair use provisions of the copyright law (Chapter 1, Section 107) expressly permit making multiple copies for teaching, scholarship or research. Such fair use does not require the permission of the copyright owners provided that the circumstances of the use are fair as assessed by the four factors in section 107 of the Copyright Act, the text of which follows:

"Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified in that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiplecopies for classroom use), scholarship or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:

  • the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
  • the nature of the copyrighted work;
  • the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation
    to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
  • the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work."

Links to further information about Fair Use have been compiled by Stanford University.